MarkupExpressions

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The {(...)} "expression markup" allows for a variety of string and formatting operations to be performed from within markup. Operations defined by this recipe include substr, ftime, strlen, rand, mod, toupper / tolower, ucfirst, ucwords, pagename and asspaced. Markup expressions can be nested, using the markup {(...(...)...)}.

substr

The "substr" expression extracts portions of a string. The arguments are

  1. the string to be processed. Always quote the string to be processed.
  2. the initial position of the substring. Note that the initial position argument is zero-based (i.e., the first character is referenced via a "0").
  3. the number of characters to extract
 {(substr "PmWiki" 2 3)}
 {(substr "PmWiki" 2)}
 {(substr "{*$Group}" 2)}
 {(substr "PmWiki" 0 1)}
 {(substr "PmWiki" 0 -3)}
 {(substr "PmWiki" -3)}
 Wik
 Wiki
 Wiki
 P
 PmW
 iki

To obtain the last n characters of a string use {(substr "string" -n)}
To truncate the last n characters of a string use {(substr "string" 0 -n)}

ftime

"Ftime" expressions are used for date and time formatting. The generic form is

{(ftime "fmt" "when")}
{(ftime fmt="fmt" when="when" tz="tz" locale="locale")}

where fmt is a formatting string and when is the time to be formatted. The arguments can be in either order and may use the optional "fmt=" and "when=" labels.

The "tz" (time zone) argument allows the setting of a different time zone, only available on installations running PHP 5.1 or newer. See the list of supported time zones, any value not found there will be silently ignored.

The "locale" (language locale) argument allows the time format to be printed in a different language for names of weekdays and months, as long as that language locale is available on the server. You can set different locales to try, separated with commas or spaces, for example "fr_FR.utf8,fr_FR,fr". If none of the listed locales is available, the argument is silently ignored.

With international locales, if you see weird characters, try adding or removing the ".utf8" or ".UTF-8" part of the locale, e.g. try both "fr_FR.utf8" and "fr_FR" to see which one works for you. Wikis with UTF-8 enabled are more likely to need the ".utf8" part.

Examples:

 {(ftime)}
 {(ftime fmt="%F %H:%M")}
 {(ftime %Y)}
 {(ftime fmt=%T)}
 {(ftime when=tomorrow)}
 {(ftime fmt="%Y-%m-%d" yesterday)}
 {(ftime "+1 week" %F)}
 {(ftime fmt=%D "+1 month")}
 {(ftime fmt="%a%e %b" when="next week")}
 {(ftime fmt="%A, %d %B %Y, %Hh%M" locale=fr_FR.utf8 tz=Europe/Paris)}
 October 08, 2024, at 08:33 AM
 2024-10-08 08:33
 2024
 08:33:14
 October 09, 2024, at 12:00 AM
 2024-10-07
 2024-10-15
 11/08/24
 Mon14 Oct
 mardi, 08 octobre 2024, 10h33

The fmt parameter is whatever is given by "fmt=", the first parameter containing a '%', or else the site's default. The formatting codes are described at PHP's strftime function. In addition to those, '%o' produces the ordinal suffix ("st" for 1st), '%F' produces ISO-8601 dates like 2022-10-30, '%s' produces Unix timestamps, and '%L' produces a format like @2022-10-30T01:27:34Z which can be displayed in the timezone of the visitor per Cookbook:LocalTimes.

Some common formatting strings:

     %F                # ISO-8601 dates      "2024-10-08"
     %s                # Unix timestamp      "1728376394"
     %H:%M:%S          # time as hh:mm:ss    "08:33:14"
     %m/%d/%Y          # date as mm/dd/yyyy  "10/08/2024"
     "%A, %B %e%o, %Y" # in words            "Tuesday, October  8th, 2024"

All formats, click to toggle
CategoryFormatDescriptionExample
Day%aAn abbreviated textual representation of the daySun through Sat
Day%AA full textual representation of the daySunday through Saturday
Day%dTwo-digit day of the month (with leading zeros)01 to 31
Day%eDay of the month, with a space preceding single digits." 1" to "31"
Day%jDay of the year, 3 digits with leading zeros001 to 366
Day%uISO-8601 numeric representation of the day of the week1 (for Monday) through 7 (for Sunday)
Day%wNumeric representation of the day of the week0 (for Sunday) through 6 (for Saturday)
Day%oOrdinal suffix of the date (PmWiki-specific)st in January 1st
Week%UWeek number of the given year, starting with the first Sunday as the first week13 (for the 13th full week of the year)
Week%VISO-8601:1988 week number of the given year, starting with the first week of the year with at least 4 weekdays, with Monday being the start of the week01 through 53 (where 53 accounts for an overlapping week)
Week%WA numeric representation of the week of the year, starting with the first Monday as the first week46 (for the 46th week of the year beginning with a Monday)
Month%bAbbreviated month name, based on the localeJan through Dec
Month%BFull month name, based on the localeJanuary through December
Month%hAbbreviated month name, based on the locale (an alias of %b)Jan through Dec
Month%mTwo digit representation of the month01 (for January) through 12 (for December)
Year%CTwo digit representation of the century (year divided by 100, truncated to an integer)19 for the 20th Century
Year%gTwo digit representation of the year going by ISO-8601:1988 standards (see %V)09 for the week of January 6, 2009
Year%GThe full four-digit version of %g2008 for the week of January 3, 2009
Year%yTwo digit representation of the year09 for 2009, 79 for 1979
Year%YFour digit representation for the year2038
Time%HTwo digit representation of the hour in 24-hour format00 through 23
Time%kHour in 24-hour format, with a space preceding single digits" 0" through "23"
Time%I(Uppercase 'i') Two digit representation of the hour in 12-hour format01 through 12
Time%l(Lowercase 'L') Hour in 12-hour format, with a space preceding single digits" 1" through "12"
Time%MTwo digit representation of the minute00 through 59
Time%pUPPER-CASE 'AM' or 'PM' based on the given timeAM for 00:31, PM for 22:23
Time%Plower-case 'am' or 'pm' based on the given timeam for 00:31, pm for 22:23
Time%rSame as "%I:%M:%S %p"09:34:17 PM for 21:34:17
Time%RSame as "%H:%M"00:35 for 12:35 AM, 16:44 for 4:44 PM
Time%STwo digit representation of the second00 through 59
Time%TSame as "%H:%M:%S"21:34:17 for 09:34:17 PM
Time%XPreferred time representation based on locale, without the date03:59:16 or 15:59:16
Time%zThe time zone offset.-0500 for US Eastern Time
Time%ZThe time zone abbreviation.EST for Eastern Time
Date-Time%cPreferred date and time stamp based on localeTue Feb 5 00:45:10 2009 for February 5, 2009 at 12:45:10 AM
Date-Time%DSame as "%m/%d/%y"02/05/09 for February 5, 2009
Date-Time%FSame as "%Y-%m-%d"2009-02-05 for February 5, 2009
Date-Time%sUnix Epoch Time timestamp305815200 for September 10, 1979 08:40:00 AM
Date-Time%xPreferred date representation based on locale, without the time02/05/09 for February 5, 2009
Date-Time%LHuman-readable UTC timestamp which will be displayed formatted either as $TimeFmt or in the local time zone of the visitor per $EnableLocalTimes (PmWiki-specific)@2022-09-25T11:49:08Z
Miscellaneous%nA newline character ("\n")--
Miscellaneous%tA Tab character ("\t")--
Miscellaneous%%A literal percentage character ("%")--

The "preferred" shortcut formats may show different values depending on whether the IntlDateFormatter PHP functions are enabled, or not -- for consistent results, use the full format you need. The names of months and days may be translated with the locale= argument, if that locale is installed on the server.

Note that if you use an undefined format string such as %q or %E, it will be left unchanged by ftime, but later PmWiki may process it as a WikiStyle which may be unexpected.

The when parameter understands many different date formats. The when parameter is whatever is given by "when=", or whatever parameter remains after determining the format parameter. Some examples:

    2007-04-11            # ISO-8601 dates
    20070411              # dates without hyphens, slashes, or dots
    2007-03               # months
    @1176304315           # Unix timestamps (seconds since 1-Jan-1970 00:00 UTC)
    now                   # the current time
    today                 # today @ 00:00:00
    yesterday             # yesterday @ 00:00:00
    "next Monday"         # relative dates
    "last Thursday"       # relative dates
    "-3 days"             # three days ago
    "+2 weeks"            # two weeks from now

Note: If you want to convert a Unix timestamp you must prefix with the @. Thus, "{(ftime "%A, %B %d, %Y" @1231116927)}".

The when parameter uses PHP's strtotime function to convert date strings according to the GNU date input formats; as of this writing it only understands English phrases in date specifications.

The variable $FTimeFmt can be used to override the default date format used by the "ftime" function. The default $FTimeFmt is $TimeFmt.

strlen

The "strlen" expression returns the length of a string. The first argument is the string to be measured.

 {(strlen "{$:Summary}")}
 32

rand

The "rand" expression returns a random integer. The first argument is the minimum number to be returned and the second argument is the maximum number to be returned. If called without the optional min, max arguments rand() returns a pseudo-random integer between 0 and RAND_MAX. If you want a random number between 5 and 15 (inclusive), for example, use (rand 5 15).

 {(rand)}
 {(rand 1 99)}
 1788111319
 63

mod

The advanced "mod" expression returns the modulo (remainder) of the division of two numbers. It may be used in advanced PageList templates together with {$$PageCount} to insert markup every (modulo) entries, for example to create alternate styled "zebra" table rows, or to insert a line/row break. (See also PageLists, WikiStyles and ConditionalMarkup.)

>>comment<<
%define=bg1 item bgcolor=#f88%
%define=bg2 item bgcolor=#ff8%
%define=bg0 item bgcolor=#8f8%[=
[[#altrows]]
* %bg{(mod {$$PageCount} 3)}% {=$Name} ({$$PageCount})
[[#altrowsend]]=]
>><<
(:pagelist fmt=#altrows group=PmWiki count=10:)

[[#altrows]] * %bg{(mod {$$PageCount} 3)}% {=$Name} ({$$PageCount}) [[#altrowsend]]

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toupper / tolower

The "toupper" and "tolower" expressions convert a string into uppercase or lowercase. The first argument is the string to be processed.

 {(toupper "{$:Summary}")}
 {(tolower "{$:Summary}")}
 STRING AND FORMATTING OPERATIONS
 string and formatting operations

ucfirst / ucwords

The "ucfirst" expression converts to uppercase the first character of the string, and "ucwords", the first character of each word. The first argument is the string to be processed.

 {(ucfirst "{$:Summary}")}
 {(ucwords "{$:Summary}")}
 String and formatting operations
 String And Formatting Operations

pagename

The "pagename" expression builds a pagename from a string. The first argument is the string to be processed.

 {(pagename "{$:Summary}")}
 PmWiki.StringAndFormattingOperations

asspaced

The "asspaced" expression formats wikiwords. The first argument is the string to be processed.

 {(asspaced "{$FullName}")}
 Pm Wiki.Markup Expressions

Nesting expressions

Markup expressions can be nested. Omit the curly braces for the inner expressions:

 {(tolower (substr "Hello World" 2))}
 llo world

Notes

  • For PmWikis version 2.2.33 or older, the string-processing expressions may not work properly on multibyte UTF-8 characters. Newer versions should work fine.

See also


This page may have a more recent version on pmwiki.org: PmWiki:MarkupExpressions, and a talk page: PmWiki:MarkupExpressions-Talk.